The displacement of a significant volume of water, generating a series of waves with large wavelengths and low amplitudes. Ground shaking, ground rupture, and liquefaction The sudden release of stored elastic energy in the earth’s lithosphere, caused by its abrupt movement or fracturing along zones of preexisting geological weakness and resulting in the generation of seismic waves The other difference is that the hazard group of shallow earth processes was added in Gill’s classification in order to emphasize the hazardous impacts of shallow earth changes (Table 1.1). One difference is that the meteorological and climatological families of ICSU-IRDR were combined into a single atmospheric group in Gill’s classification. are almost equivalent to the hazard families of ICSU-IRDR classification except for two differences. Space hazard: geomagnetic storm and extra impact events. Shallow earth processes hazard: regional subsidence and uplift, local subsidence and heave, and ground collapse.Ītmospheric hazard: tropical cyclone, tornado, hail, snow, lightning and thunderstorm, long-term climatic change, and short-term climatic change. Geophysical hazard: earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption, landslide, and snow avalanche. The 6 hazard groups and 21 hazard types are: In the paper, he also estimated the temporal and spatial scales of different hazard groups and types. Gill and Malamud ( 2014) divided natural hazards into six groups. They are earthquake, mass movement, volcanic activity, flood, landslide, wave action, convective storm, extratropical storm, extreme temperature, fog, tropical cyclone, drought, glacial lake outburst, wildfire, animal incident, disease, insect infestation, extra impact, airburst, and space weather.Ĭlassification of hazards by Joel C. Meteorological hazard: a hazard caused by short-lived, micro- to mesoscale extreme weather and atmospheric conditions that last from minutes to days.Ĭlimatological hazard: a hazard caused by long-lived, meso- to macro-scale atmospheric processes ranging from intra-seasonal to multi-decadal climate variability.īiological hazard: a hazard caused by the exposure to living organisms and/or the toxic substances or vector-borne diseases that they may carry.Įxtraterrestrial hazard: a hazard caused by asteroids, meteoroids, and comets as they pass near earth, enter the earth’s atmosphere, and/or strike the earth, or change in interplanetary conditions that affect the earth’s magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere. Hydrological hazard: a hazard caused by the occurrence, movement, and distribution of the surface and subsurface freshwater and saltwater. This term can be used interchangeably with the term geological hazard. Geophysical hazard: a hazard originating from solid earth. There are six broad hazard categories within the family group: The Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR) program of the International Council for Science (ICSU) classified hazards into 6 families, 20 main events, and 47 perils (UN-ICSU 2012). If you are interested in the causes of hazards, you may look up related research findings in geoscience, life science, and environmental science.Ĭlassification of hazards by ICSU-IRDR research program Refer to research in natural disaster science and disaster geography for the temporal and spatial patterns of hazards. In this section, we will focus on the different classifications of hazards. From different perspectives, disaster risk scientists studied on the classification, temporal and spatial patterns, and causes of hazards. Hazards are detrimental to the development of human beings and hinder the sustainability of the world.ĭuring the development of human beings, people have experienced and gradually understood all kinds of hazards. According to the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), a hazard is a natural process or phenomenon that may pose negative impacts on the economy, society, and ecology, including both natural factors and human factors that are associated with the natural ones.
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